And as you see above, this is how they are stored. It is also very common to use an octal number to express the permissions on a file. The ls program might display, say, "rwxrwxrwx" for the permissions on a file. The only other thing to notice from the data layout is that there is no room to add more permission bits. Some versions of Unix will add a few more. The file type will usually be one of the seven types that I show above. That's why the file type is the first character of the permission string in the "ls -l" output. But the author of the ls program is treating the mode as a single item. I think that the "mode" really means just the permissions and that the file type was shoved in to save space.
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